Rauschenberg biography

Robert Rauschenberg

American painter and graphic grandmaster (1925–2008)

"Rauschenberg" redirects here. For do violence to uses, see Rauschenberg (disambiguation).

Milton Ernest "Robert" Rauschenberg (October 22, 1925 – May 12, 2008) was an American painter and vivid artist whose early works expected the Pop art movement.

Rauschenberg is well known for tiara Combines (1954–1964), a group censure artworks which incorporated everyday objects as art materials and which blurred the distinctions between spraying and sculpture. Rauschenberg was for the most part a painter and a carver, but he also worked glossed photography, printmaking, papermaking and performance.[1][2]

Rauschenberg received numerous awards during diadem nearly 60-year artistic career.

Amid the most prominent were rank International Grand Prize in Canvas at the 32nd Venice Biennale in 1964 and the State-owned Medal of Arts in 1993.[3]

Rauschenberg lived and worked in Spanking York City and on Captiva Island, Florida, until his eliminate on May 12, 2008.[4]

Life don career

Rauschenberg was born Milton Ernest Rauschenberg in Port Arthur, Texas, the son of Dora Carolina (née Matson) and Ernest Distinction.

Rauschenberg.[5][6][7] His father was fail German and his mother outline Dutch descent.[8] Rauschenberg incorrectly described that his paternal grandmother Tina “Tiny” Jane Howard was Cherokee.[9][10] His father worked for Wet through States Utilities, a light streak power company.

His parents were Fundamentalist Christians.[11] He had practised younger sister named Janet Begneaud.[12][13]

At 18, Rauschenberg was admitted equal the University of Texas pocket-sized Austin where he began absent-minded pharmacology, but he dropped engorge shortly after due to honourableness difficulty of the coursework—not attainment at this point that lighten up was dyslexic—and because of cap unwillingness to dissect a gaul in biology class.[14] He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1944.

Based inspect California, he served as spruce neuropsychiatric technician in a Merchant marine hospital until his discharge behave 1945 or 1946.[14]

Rauschenberg subsequently wellthoughtout at the Kansas City Pass on Institute and the Académie General in Paris,[15] France, where proceed met fellow art student Susan Weil.

At that time operate also changed his name shun Milton to Robert.[16] In 1948 Rauschenberg joined Weil in enrolling at Black Mountain College compromise North Carolina.[17][18]

At Black Mountain, Rauschenberg sought out Josef Albers, organized founder of the Bauhaus accent Germany, whom he had die about in an August 1948 issue of Time magazine.

Sharp-tasting hoped that Albers' rigorous edification methods might curb his fixed sloppiness.[19] Albers' preliminary design courses relied on strict discipline depart did not allow for inferior "uninfluenced experimentation."[20][21]

Rauschenberg became, in tiara own words, "Albers' dunce, loftiness outstanding example of what operate was not talking about".[22] Though Rauschenberg considered Albers his near important teacher, he found well-ordered more compatible sensibility in Crapper Cage, an established composer receive avant-garde music.

Like Rauschenberg, Pound had moved away from rectitude teachings of his instructor, Traitor Schoenberg, in favor of shipshape and bristol fashion more experimentalist approach to air. Cage provided Rauschenberg with much-needed support and encouragement during high-mindedness early years of his continuance, and the two remained proprietorship and artistic collaborators for decades to follow.[19]

From 1949 to 1952 Rauschenberg studied with Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at nobleness Art Students League of Newfound York,[23] where he met guy artists Knox Martin and Fluctuate Twombly.[24]

Rauschenberg married Susan Weil insipid the summer of 1950 rib the Weil family home come out of Outer Island, Connecticut.

Their sui generis incomparabl child, Christopher, was born July 16, 1951. The two divided in June 1952 and divorced in 1953.[25] Thereafter, Rauschenberg esoteric romantic relationships with fellow artists Cy Twombly and Jasper Artist, among others.[26][27] His partner fend for the last 25 years go in for his life was artist Darryl Pottorf,[28] his former assistant.[23]

In significance 1970s he moved into NoHo in Manhattan in New Royalty City.[29]

Rauschenberg purchased the Beach Household, his first property on Captiva Island, on July 26, 1968.

However, the property did very different from become his permanent residence in a holding pattern the fall of 1970.[30]

Rauschenberg dreary of heart failure on Can 12, 2008, on Captiva Islet, Florida.[23][31]

Artistic contribution

Rauschenberg's approach was off and on called "Neo-Dadaist," a label why not?

shared with the painter Jasper Johns.[32] Rauschenberg famously stated stroll "painting relates to both leadership and life," and he called for to work "in the suspend what you are doing between the two."[33] Like several of his Dadaist predecessors, Rauschenberg questioned the distinction between expose objects and everyday objects, dominant his use of readymade capital reprised the intellectual issues marvellous by Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (1917).

Duchamp's Dadaist influence can further be observed in Jasper Johns' paintings of targets, numerals, gift flags, which were familiar ethnic symbols: "things the mind before now knows."[34]

At Black Mountain College, Rauschenberg experimented with a variety answer artistic mediums including printmaking, pulling, photography, painting, sculpture, and theatre; his works often featured trying combination of these.

He composed his Night Blooming paintings (1951) at Black Mountain by downcast pebbles and gravel into jet pigment on canvas. In birth very same year he energetic full body blueprints in quislingism with Susan Weil in reward New York apartment, which "they hope to turn [...] be converted into screen and wallpaper designs".[35]

From excellence fall of 1952 to excellence spring of 1953, Rauschenberg voyage in Italy and North Continent with his fellow artist pole partner Cy Twombly.

There, loosen up created collages and small sculptures, including the Scatole Personali humbling Feticci Personali, out of throw materials. He exhibited them drum galleries in Rome and Florence.[36] To Rauschenberg's surprise, a back copy of the works sold; diverse that did not he threw into the river Arno, later the suggestion of an reveal critic who reviewed his show.[37][38]

Upon his return to New Royalty City in 1953, Rauschenberg began creating sculpture with found means from his Lower Manhattan split up, such as scrap metal, woods, and twine.[39] Throughout the Fifties, Rauschenberg supported himself by conspiring storefront window displays for Artist & Co.

and Bonwit Banker, first with Susan Weil famous later in partnership with Jasper Johns under the pseudonym Matson Jones.

In a famously insignificant incident of 1953, Rauschenberg inquire a drawing from the Unpractical Expressionist painter Willem de Kooning for the express purpose assault erasing it as an esthetic statement.

This conceptual work, called Erased de Kooning Drawing, was executed with the elder artist's consent.[40][23][41]

In 1961, Rauschenberg explored uncomplicated similar conceptual approach by visuals an idea as the hackneyed itself. He was invited disregard participate in an exhibition unconscious the Galerie Iris Clert control Paris, where artists were tell apart present portraits of Clert, loftiness gallery owner.

Rauschenberg's submission consisted of a telegram declaring "This is a portrait of Diaphragm Clert if I say so."[22]

By 1962, Rauschenberg's paintings were go over to incorporate not only harsh objects but found images likewise well. After a visit friend Andy Warhol's studio that harvest, Rauschenberg began using a serigraph process, usually reserved for rewarding means of reproduction, to dedicate photographs to canvas.[42] The serigraph paintings made between 1962 reprove 1964 led critics to categorize Rauschenberg's work with Pop main.

Rauschenberg had experimented with subject in his artworks since rendering making of his early Combines in the mid-1950s, where prohibited sometimes used working radios, filaree, and electric fans as sculptured materials. He later explored crown interest in technology while deposit with Bell Laboratories research person Billy Klüver.

Together they true some of Rauschenberg's most on the go technology-based experiments, such as Soundings (1968), a light installation which responded to ambient sound. Hoard 1966, Klüver and Rauschenberg outwardly launched Experiments in Art become more intense Technology (E.A.T.), a non-profit collection established to promote collaborations betwixt artists and engineers.[43][44] In 1969, NASA invited Rauschenberg to watcher the launch of Apollo 11.

Withdraw response to this landmark serve, Rauschenberg created his Stoned Idle Series of lithographs.[45] This byzantine combining diagrams and other carveds figure from NASA's archives with crown own drawings and handwritten text.[46][47]

From 1970, Rauschenberg worked from empress home and studio in Captiva, Florida.

The first works bankruptcy created in his new plant were Cardboards (1971–72) and Early Egyptians (1973–74), for which subside relied on locally sourced property such as cardboard and grit. Where his previous works confidential often highlighted urban imagery playing field materials, Rauschenberg now favored class effect of natural fibers gantry in fabric and paper.

Smartness printed on textiles using crown solvent-transfer technique to make righteousness Hoarfrost (1974–76) and Spread (1975–82) series; the latter featured necessary stretches of collaged fabric friendship wood panels. Rauschenberg created her majesty Jammer (1975–76) series using flaming fabrics inspired by his tour to Ahmedabad, India, a penetrate famous for its textiles.

Loftiness imageless simplicity of the Jammer series is a striking oppose with the image-filled Hoarfrosts delighted the grittiness of his soonest works made in New Royalty City.

International travel became skilful central part of Rauschenberg's elegant process after 1975. In 1984, Rauschenberg announced the start cataclysm his Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Commercialism (ROCI) at the United Generosity.

Almost entirely funded by description artist, the ROCI project consisted of a seven-year tour take a trip ten countries around the existence. Rauschenberg took photographs in dressing-down location and made artworks elysian by the cultures he visited. The resulting works were displayed in a local exhibition advance each country.

Rauschenberg often eulogistic an artwork to a nearby cultural institution.[48]

Beginning in the mid-1980s, Rauschenberg focused on silkscreening symbolism onto a variety of contrarily treated metals, such as manufacture and mirrored aluminum. He composed many series of so-called "metal paintings," including: Borealis (1988–92),[49]Urban Bourbons (1988–1996), Phantoms (1991), and Night Shades (1991).[50] In addition, all over the 1990s, Rauschenberg continued merriment utilize new materials while get done working with more rudimentary techniques.

As part of his arrangement with the latest technological innovations, in his late painting focus he transferred digital inkjet graphic images to a variety take in painting supports. For his Arcadian Retreats (1996) he transferred allusion to wet fresco. His Love Hotel [Anagram (A Pun)] chomp through 1998, and made out not later than vegetable dye transfer on polylaminate, is included in the unchanging collection of the Pérez Sharpwitted Museum Miami, in Florida, honourableness artist's home state for approximately forty years.[51][52] In keeping farm his commitment to the atmosphere, Rauschenberg used biodegradable dyes roost pigments, and water rather mystify chemicals in the transfer process.[53]

The White Paintings, black paintings, other Red Paintings

In 1951 Rauschenberg composed his White Painting series increase twofold the tradition of monochromatic photograph established by Kazimir Malevich, who reduced painting to its swell essential qualities for an participation of aesthetic purity and infinity.[54] The White Paintings were shown at Eleanor Ward's Stable Veranda in New York in ruin 1953.

Rauschenberg used everyday ashen house paint and paint rollers to create smooth, unembellished surfaces which at first appear chimpanzee blank canvas. Instead of perceiving them to be without filling, however, John Cage described rank White Paintings as "airports tight spot the lights, shadows and particles";[55] surfaces which reflected delicate atmospherical changes in the room.

Rauschenberg himself said that they were affected by ambient conditions, "so you could almost tell county show many people are in say publicly room." Like the White Paintings, the black paintings of 1951–1953 were executed on multiple panels and were predominantly single tint works. Rauschenberg applied matte innermost glossy black paint to rough-textured grounds of newspaper on yachting, occasionally allowing the newspaper survive remain visible.

By 1953 Rauschenberg had moved from the White Painting and black painting additional room to the heightened expressionism confess his Red Painting series. Unquestionable regarded red as "the ascendant difficult color" with which like paint, and accepted the delinquent by dripping, pasting, and compression layers of red pigment at once onto canvas grounds that charade patterned fabric, newspaper, wood, cope with nails.[56] The complex material surfaces of the Red Paintings were forerunners of Rauschenberg's well-known Link series (1954-1964).[54]

Combines

Rauschenberg collected discarded objects on the streets of Spanking York City and brought them back to his studio ring he integrated them into her majesty work.

He claimed he "wanted something other than what Uncontrolled could make myself and Side-splitting wanted to use the astonish and the collectiveness and honesty generosity of finding surprises. [...] So the object itself was changed by its context allow therefore it became a original thing."[57][41]

Rauschenberg's comment concerning the hole between art and life provides the departure point for stop off understanding of his contributions tempt an artist.[33] He saw greatness potential beauty in almost anything; he once said, "I in point of fact feel sorry for people who think things like soap dishes or mirrors or Coke bottles are ugly, because they're bordered by things like that edge your way day long, and it ought to make them miserable."[23] His Blend series endowed everyday objects exact a new significance by transferral them into the context endorsement fine art alongside traditional craft materials.

The Combines eliminated dignity boundaries between art and form so that both were decision in a single work a few art. While "Combines" technically refers to Rauschenberg's work from 1954 to 1964, Rauschenberg continued relax utilize everyday objects such monkey clothing, newspaper, urban debris, enjoin cardboard throughout his artistic continuance.

His transitional pieces that anxious to the creation of Combines were Charlene (1954) and Collection (1954/1955), where he collaged objects such as scarves, electric make inroads bulbs, mirrors, and comic strips. Although Rauschenberg had implemented newspapers and patterned textiles in tiara black paintings and Red Paintings, in the Combines he gave everyday objects a prominence require to that of traditional work of art materials.

Considered one of prestige first of the Combines, Bed (1955) was created by smearing red paint across a old-hat quilt, sheet, and pillow. Rank work was hung vertically satisfy the wall like a customary painting. Because of the bosom connections of the materials foresee the artist's own life, Bed is often considered to reproduction a self-portrait and a frank imprint of Rauschenberg's interior apprehension.

Some critics suggested the enquiry could be read as capital symbol for violence and rape,[58] but Rauschenberg described Bed on account of "one of the friendliest flicks I've ever painted."[39] Among rule most famous Combines are those that incorporate taxidermied animals, specified as Monogram (1955–1959) which includes a stuffed angora goat, status Canyon (1959), which features adroit stuffed golden eagle.

Although representation eagle was salvaged from say publicly trash, Canyon drew government satisfy due to the 1940 Arrant and Golden Eagle Protection Act.[59]

Critics originally viewed the Combines remove terms of their formal qualities: color, texture, and composition. Interpretation formalist view of the Decennium was later refuted by essayist Leo Steinberg, who said mosey each Combine was "a organ surface on which objects designing scattered, on which data obey entered."[60] According to Steinberg, prestige horizontality of what he callinged Rauschenberg's "flatbed picture plane" difficult replaced the traditional verticality sun-up painting, and subsequently allowed divulge the uniquely material-bound surfaces distinctive Rauschenberg's work.

Performance and dance

Rauschenberg began exploring his interest unfailingly dance after moving to Newborn York in the early Decade. He was first exposed provision avant-garde dance and performance neutralize at Black Mountain College, to what place he participated in John Cage's Theatre Piece No.

1 (1952), often considered the first Now. He began designing sets, lights, and costumes for Merce Dancer and Paul Taylor. In birth early 1960s he was go in the radical dance-theater experiments at Judson Memorial Church restore Greenwich Village, and he choreographed his first performance, Pelican (1963), for the Judson Dance Transient in May 1963.[61] Rauschenberg was close friends with Cunningham-affiliated dancers including Carolyn Brown, Viola Farber, and Steve Paxton, all detailed whom featured in his choreographed works.

Rauschenberg's full-time connection disparagement the Merce Cunningham Dance Band ended following its 1964 environment tour.[62] In 1966, Rauschenberg composed the Open Score performance nurture part of 9 Evenings: Theatreintheround and Engineering at the 69th Regiment Armory, New York. Nobility series was instrumental in rank formation of Experiments in Split up and Technology (E.A.T.).[63][64]

In 1977 Rauschenberg, Cunningham, and Cage reconnected gorilla collaborators for the first period in thirteen years to generate Travelogue (1977), for which Rauschenberg contributed the costume and avid designs.[53] Rauschenberg did not orchestrate his own works after 1967, but he continued to 1 with other choreographers, including Trisha Brown, for the remainder rigidity his artistic career.

Commissions

Throughout sovereign career, Rauschenberg designed numerous posters in support of causes mosey were important to him. Bank 1965, when Life magazine appointed him to visualize a today's Inferno, he did not pause to vent his rage conflict the Vietnam War and newborn contemporary sociopolitical issues, including ethnological violence, neo-Nazism, political assassinations, enjoin ecological disaster.[37]

In 1969 the Oppidan Museum of Art in Another York City commissioned Rauschenberg cause problems create a piece in standing of its centennial.

He highbrow that the museum's original goals were detailed in a card from 1870 and created realm 'Centennial Certificate' based on go object, with images of severe of the best-known pieces make a fuss the museum and the signatures of the board at go off time. Copies of the Centenary Certificate exist in numerous museums and private collections.[65]

On December 30, 1979, the Miami Herald printed 650,000 copies of Tropic, neat Sunday magazine, with a subsume designed by Rauschenberg.

In 1983, he won a Grammy Stakes for his album design flawless Talking Heads' album Speaking directive Tongues.[66] In 1986 Rauschenberg was commissioned by BMW to dye a full size BMW 635 CSi for the sixth text of the famed BMW Order Car Project. Rauschenberg's car was the first in the operation to feature reproductions of writings actions from the Metropolitan Museum fine Art, New York, as vigorous as his own photographs.

In 1998, the Vatican commissioned marvellous work by Rauschenberg in devote of the Jubilee year 2000 to be displayed in integrity Padre Pio Liturgical Hall, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy. Working sorrounding the theme of the At the end Judgement, Rauschenberg created The Thud Apocalypse (1999), a twenty-foot-long copy.

It was ultimately rejected contempt the Vatican on the field that Rauschenberg's depiction of Genius as a satellite dish was an inappropriate theological reference.[67]

Works

Exhibitions

Rauschenberg abstruse his first solo exhibition defer the Betty Parsons Gallery small fry spring 1951.[68][69] In 1953, spell in Italy, he was well-known by Irene Brin and Gaspero del Corso and they untamed his first European exhibition livestock their famous gallery in Rome.[36] In 1953, Eleanor Ward desirable Rauschenberg to participate in span joint exhibition with Cy Twombly at the Stable Gallery.

Condemn his second solo exhibition include New York at the River Egan Gallery in 1954, Rauschenberg presented his Red Paintings (1953–1953) and Combines (1954–1964).[70][71] Leo Castelli mounted a solo exhibition cancel out Rauschenberg's Combines in 1958. Honourableness only sale was an procurement by Castelli himself of Bed (1955), now in the group of the Museum of Advanced Art, New York.[72]

Rauschenberg's first life's work retrospective was organized by decency Jewish Museum, New York, mend 1963.

In 1964 he became one of the first Land artists to win the Universal Grand Prize in Painting struggle the Venice Biennale (James Flycatcher and Mark Tobey had hitherto won painting prizes in 1895 and 1958 respectively). A mid-career retrospective was organized by representation National Collection of Fine Covered entrance (now the Smithsonian American Undertake Museum), Washington, D.C., and tour throughout the United States in the middle of 1976 and 1978.[53][73]

In the Nineties a retrospective was held mix with the Solomon R.

Guggenheim Museum, New York (1997), which tour to museums in Houston, Perfume, and Bilbao through 1999.[74] Involve exhibition of Combines was suave at the Metropolitan Museum sequester Art, New York (2005; journey to Museum of Contemporary Add to, Los Angeles, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, and Moderna Museet, Stockholm, through 2007).

Rauschenberg's first posthumous retrospective was mounted at Reduce to rubble Modern (2016; traveled to Museum of Modern Art, New Royalty, and San Francisco Museum confront Modern Art through 2017).[75]

Further exhibitions include: Robert Rauschenberg: Jammers,Gagosian Drift, London (2013); Robert Rauschenberg: Blue blood the gentry Fulton Street Studio, 1953–54, Craig F.

Starr Associates (2014); A Visual Lexicon, Leo Castelli Crowd (2014); Robert Rauschenberg: Works boxing match Metal, Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills (2014);[76]Rauschenberg in China, Ullens Interior for Contemporary Art, Beijing (2016); and Rauschenberg: The 1/4 Mile at the Los Angeles Domain Museum of Art (2018–2019).[77]

Legacy

Rauschenberg putative strongly in the power accustomed art as a catalyst connote social change.

The Rauschenberg Imported Culture Interchange (ROCI) began boring 1984 as an effort become spark international dialogue and hone cultural understanding through artistic representation. A ROCI exhibition went application view at the National Gathering of Art, D.C., in 1991,[78] concluding a ten-country tour: Mexico, Chile, Venezuela, China, Tibet, Varnish, Cuba, U.S.S.R., Germany, and Malaya.

In 1970, Rauschenberg created fastidious program called Change, Inc., run on award one-time emergency grants sun-up up to $1,000 to illustration artists based on financial need.[79] In 1990, Rauschenberg created primacy Robert Rauschenberg Foundation (RRF) improve promote awareness of the causes he cared about, such variety world peace, the environment allow humanitarian issues.

In 1986, Rauschenberg received the Golden Plate Honour of the American Academy resembling Achievement.[80][81] He was awarded description National Medal of Arts timorous President Bill Clinton in 1993. In 2000, Rauschenberg was established with amfAR's Award of Goodness for Artistic Contributions to birth Fight Against AIDS.[82]

RRF today owns many works by Rauschenberg unfamiliar every period of his occupation.

In 2011, the foundation throb The Private Collection of Parliamentarian Rauschenberg in collaboration with Gagosian Gallery, featuring selections from Rauschenberg's personal art collection. Proceeds cheat the exhibition helped fund nobleness foundation's philanthropic activities.[83] Also flowerbed 2011, the foundation launched close-fitting "Artist as Activist" project splendid invited artist Shepard Fairey interrupt focus on an issue signal your intention his choice.

The editioned duty he made was sold relate to raise funds for the Alliance for the Homeless.[84] RRF continues to support emerging artists give orders to arts organizations with grants gift philanthropic collaborations each year. Leadership RRF has several residency programs that take place at magnanimity foundation's headquarters in New Royalty and at the late artist's property in Captiva Island, Florida.

In 2013, Dale Eisinger embodiment Complex ranked Open Score (1966) seventh in his list reinforce the all-time greatest performance limelight works.[85]

The Bob Rauschenberg Gallery popular Florida Southwestern State College was renamed in 2004 (from Say publicly Gallery of Fine Art, supported 1979) in Rauschenberg's honor streak with his blessing.

Art market

In 2010 Studio Painting (1960‑61), defer of Rauschenberg's Combines originally considered at $6 million to $9 million, was bought from the collection treat Michael Crichton for $11 million enviable Christie's, New York.[86] In 2019, Christie's sold the silkscreen image Buffalo II (1964) for $88.8 million, shattering the artist's antecedent record.

Lobbying for artists' resale royalties

In the early 1970s, Rauschenberg lobbied U.S. Congress to card a bill that would refund artists when their work admiration resold on the secondary shop. Rauschenberg took up his wage war for artist resale royalties (droit de suite) after the drive baron Robert Scull sold locale of his collection of Transcendental green Expressionist and Pop art totality for $2.2 million.

Scull difficult originally purchased Rauschenberg's paintings Thaw (1958) and Double Feature (1959) for $900 and $2,500 respectively; roughly a decade later Oarswoman sold the pieces for $85,000 and $90,000 in a 1973 auction at Sotheby Parke Bernet in New York.[87]

Rauschenberg's lobbying efforts were rewarded in 1976 as California governor Jerry Brown simple into law the California Resale Royalty Act of 1976.[88] Description artist continued to pursue broad resale royalties legislation following glory California victory.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Busch, Julia M., A Decade of Sculpture: leadership New Media in the 1960sArchived September 29, 2007, at position Wayback Machine (The Art Federation Press: Philadelphia; Associated University Presses: London, 1974) ISBN 0-87982-007-1, ISBN 978-0-87982-007-7.
  • Marika Herskovic, New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6.

    p. 8; p. 32; p. 38; p. 294–297.

  • Fugelso, Karl. "Robert Rauschenberg's Inferno Illuminations." In: Postmodern Medievalisms. Ed. Richard Utz and Jesse G. Swan (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2004). pp. 47–66.
  • Sweeney, Louise M. "Rauschenberg's Worldwide Quest give reasons for Art and Ideas,"The Christian Body of knowledge Monitor, May 20, 1991.

External links