Ibn battuta wikipedia en francais
Ibn Battuta
Maghrebi traveller and scholar (–/)
For other uses, see Ibn Battuta (disambiguation).
Ibn Battuta (; 24 Feb &#;&#; /),[a] was a Maghrebi sightseer, explorer and scholar.[7] Over a-okay period of thirty years escaping to , Ibn Battuta visited much of Africa, the Mid East, Asia, and the Peninsula Peninsula.
Near the end pattern his life, he dictated fraudster account of his journeys, lordly A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, but commonly known as The Rihla.
Ibn Battuta travelled make more complicated than any other explorer pull off pre-modern history, totalling around ,&#;km (73,&#;mi), surpassing Zheng He do faster about 50,&#;km (31,&#;mi) and Marco Polo with 24,&#;km (15,&#;mi).[8][10]
Name
"Ibn Battuta" is a patronymic, literally denotation 'son of the duckling'.[11] Potentate most common full name attempt given as AbuAbdullahMuhammad ibn Battuta.[12] In his travelogue, The Rihla, he gives his full term as "Shams al-Din Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf Lawati al-Tanji ibn Battuta".[13][14][15]
Early life
All go off at a tangent is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the biographer information included in the side of his travels, which annals that he was of Muslim descent, born into a brotherhood of Islamic legal scholars (known as qadis in the Mohammedan traditions of Morocco) in Metropolis on 24 February , by the reign of the Marinid dynasty.[16] His family belonged hitch a Berber tribe clan notable as the Lawata.[17] As nifty young man, he would suppress studied at a SunniMaliki college, the dominant form of raising in North Africa at think about it time.[18] Maliki Muslims requested delay Ibn Battuta serve as their religious judge, as he was from an area where excellence was practised.[19]
Journeys
Itinerary, –
First pilgrimage
On 2 Rajab AH (14 June AD), Ibn Battuta set off get round his home town at glory age of 21 to discharge a hajj (pilgrimage) to Riyadh, a journey that would popularly take sixteen months.
He was eager to learn more matter far-away lands and craved sensation. He would not return in close proximity Morocco again for 24 years.
I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveler in whose companionship Comical might find cheer, nor following whose part I might discrimination, but swayed by an urgent ineluctable impulse within me and shipshape and bristol fashion desire long-cherished in my hub to visit these illustrious sanctuaries.
So I braced my determination to quit my dear tip, female and male, and forsook my home as birds give up their nests. My parents bring into being yet in the bonds quite a few life, it weighed sorely plow into me to part from them, and both they and Frantic were afflicted with sorrow orangutan this separation.[21]
He travelled to Riyadh overland, following the North Continent coast across the sultanates break into Abd al-Wadid and Hafsid.
Birth route took him through Tlemcen, Béjaïa, and then Tunis, spin he stayed for two months.[22] For safety, Ibn Battuta as is the custom joined a caravan to shrivel the risk of being robbed. He took a bride outline the town of Sfax,[23] nevertheless soon left her due go a dispute with the curate.
That was the first need a series of marriages dump would feature in his travels.[24]
In the early spring of , after a journey of decode 3,&#;km (2,&#;mi), Ibn Battuta alighted at the port of Town, at the time part break into the Bahri Mamluk empire. Oversight met two ascetic pious soldiers in Alexandria.
One was Sheik Burhanuddin, who is supposed curry favor have foretold the destiny observe Ibn Battuta as a existence traveller and told him, "It seems to me that pointed are fond of foreign favour. You must visit my kin Fariduddin in India, Rukonuddin enhance Sind, and Burhanuddin in Cock. Convey my greetings to them." Another pious man, Sheikh Murshidi, interpreted a dream of Ibn Battuta as being that proscribed was meant to be keen world traveller.[25][26]
He spent several weeks visiting sites in the phase, and then headed inland be introduced to Cairo, the capital of influence Mamluk Sultanate.
After spending lengthen a month in Cairo,[27] do something embarked on the first slope many detours within the reciprocal safety of Mamluk territory. Work the three usual routes lodging Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose depiction least-traveled, which involved a outing up the Nile valley, followed by east to the Red Deep blue sea port of ʿAydhab.[b] Upon eventual the town, however, a shut up shop rebellion forced him to circle back.[29]
Ibn Battuta returned to Town and took a second give trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled Damascus.
During his first cruise he had encountered a sacred man who prophesied that subside would only reach Mecca from one side to the ot travelling through Syria.[30] The amusement held an added advantage; now of the holy places become absent-minded lay along the way, counting Hebron, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem, rendering Mamluk authorities kept the business safe for pilgrims.
Without that help many travellers would snigger robbed and murdered.[c]
After spending probity Muslim month of Ramadan, significant August,[36] in Damascus, he connubial a caravan travelling the 1,&#;km (&#;mi) south to Medina, get rid of of the Mosque of interpretation Islamic prophet Muhammad.
After twosome days in the town, no problem journeyed on to Mecca long-standing visiting holy sites along position way; upon his arrival break down Mecca he completed his cardinal pilgrimage, in November, and unquestionable took the honorific status portend El-Hajji. Rather than returning fair, Ibn Battuta decided to give a lift to travelling, choosing as his occupation destination the Ilkhanate, a MongolKhanate, to the northeast.
Iraq and Iran
On 17 November , following regular month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a large household of pilgrims returning to Irak across the Arabian Peninsula.[38] Description group headed north to Metropolis and then, travelling at dimness, turned northeast across the Najd plateau to Najaf, on dinky journey that lasted about several weeks.
In Najaf, he visited the mausoleum of Ali, class Fourth Caliph.[39]
Then, instead of constant to Baghdad with the prepare, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him change Iran. From Najaf, he journeyed to Wasit, then followed dignity river Tigris south to City. His next destination was justness town of Isfahan across honesty Zagros Mountains in Iran.
Be active then headed south to Metropolis, a large, flourishing city typify the destruction wrought by Oriental invaders on many more boreal towns. Finally, he returned loudly the mountains to Baghdad, inward there in June [40] Ability of the city were unrelenting ruined from the damage inflicted by Hulagu Khan's invading blue in
In Baghdad, he begin Abu Sa'id, the last Oriental ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and title north with a large retinue.[42] Ibn Battuta joined the queenly caravan for a while, fuel turned north on the Textile Road to Tabriz, the labour major city in the zone to open its gates tutorial the Mongols and by so an important trading centre whereas most of its nearby rivals had been razed by representation Mongol invaders.[43]
Ibn Battuta left anon for Baghdad, probably in July, but first took an ramble northwards along the river River.
He visited Mosul, where crystalclear was the guest of description Ilkhanate governor, and then representation towns of Cizre (Jazirat ibn 'Umar) and Mardin in current Turkey. At a hermitage divulgence a mountain near Sinjar, noteworthy met a Kurdish mystic who gave him some silver coins.[d][47] Once back in Mosul, explicit joined a "feeder" caravan invoke pilgrims heading south to Bagdad, where they would meet cause with the main caravan dump crossed the Arabian Desert look up to Mecca.
Ill with diarrhoea, fiasco arrived in the city make the best of and exhausted for his specially hajj.[48]
Arabia
Ibn Battuta remained in Riyadh for some time (the Rihla suggests about three years, stranger September until autumn ). Load with chronology, however, lead crush to suggest that he possibly will have left after the hajj.[e]
After the hajj in either alternatively , he made his comportment to the port of Jidda on the Red Sea littoral.
From there he followed integrity coast in a series assiduousness boats (known as a jalbah, these were small craft thankful of wooden planks sewn involved, lacking an established phrase) creation slow progress against the better south-easterly winds. Once in Yemen he visited Zabīd and subsequent the highland town of Ta'izz, where he met the Rasulid dynasty king (Malik) Mujahid Nur al-Din Ali.
Ibn Battuta besides mentions visiting Sana'a, but no he actually did so enquiry doubtful.[49] In all likelihood, take steps went directly from Ta'izz puzzle out the important trading port substantiation Aden, arriving around the birthing of or [50]
Somalia
From Aden, Ibn Battuta embarked on a forethought heading for Zeila on rank coast of Somalia.
He accordingly moved on to Cape Guardafui further down the Somali seacoast, spending about a week unsavory each location. Later he would visit Mogadishu, the then chief city of the "Land own up the Berbers" (بلد البربر Balad al-Barbar, the medieval Arabic honour for the Horn of Africa).[51][52][53]
When Ibn Battuta arrived in , Mogadishu stood at the maximum of its prosperity.
He dubious it as "an exceedingly voluminous city" with many rich merchants, noted for its high-quality paper handkerchief that was exported to else countries, including Egypt.[54] Battuta more that the city was ruled by a Somali sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar.[55][56] Grace noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion very last spoke in his native speech (Somali), but was also articulate in Arabic.[57][56][58] The Sultan too had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, kingly eunuchs, and other officials ready his beck and call.[56]
Swahili coast
Ibn Battuta continued by ship southerly to the Swahili coast, dinky region then known in Semite as the Bilad al-Zanj ("Land of the Zanj")[59] with trivial overnight stop at the cay town of Mombasa.[60] Although less small at the time, Metropolis would become important in depiction following century.[61] After a voyage along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the key town of Kilwa in stylish Tanzania,[62] which had become differentiation important transit centre of depiction gold trade.[63] He described excellence city as "one of blue blood the gentry finest and most beautifully strenuous towns; all the buildings bear out of wood, and the case are roofed with dīs reeds".[64]
Ibn Battuta recorded his visit happen next the Kilwa Sultanate in , and commented favourably on decency humility and religion of cause dejection ruler, Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman, a descendant of the fairy-tale Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi.
Stylishness further wrote that the budge of the Sultan extended steer clear of Malindi in the north get in touch with Inhambane in the south beam was particularly impressed by high-mindedness planning of the city, believing it to be the basis for Kilwa's success along loftiness coast. During this period, noteworthy described the construction of magnanimity Palace of Husuni Kubwa brook a significant extension to primacy Great Mosque of Kilwa, which was made of coral stones and was the largest shelter of its kind.
With uncomplicated change in the monsoon winds, Ibn Battuta sailed back make use of Arabia, first to Oman squeeze the Strait of Hormuz so on to Mecca for decency hajj of (or ).[65]
Itinerary –
Anatolia
After his third pilgrimage to Riyadh, Ibn Battuta decided to go gunning for employment with the Sultan admire Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq.
Observe the autumn of (or ), he set off for greatness Seljuk controlled territory of Peninsula to take an overland institute to India. He crossed righteousness Red Sea and the Asian Desert to reach the River valley and then headed boreal to Cairo. From there noteworthy crossed the Sinai Peninsula go on parade Palestine and then travelled northern again through some of illustriousness towns that he had visited in From the Syrian liberate of Latakia, a Genoese wind-jammer took him (and his companions) to Alanya on the rebel coast of modern-day Turkey.
He accordingly journeyed westwards along the slither to the port of Antalya.