Jacob beser enola gay meaning

Enola Gay

US Army Air Forces Boeing B-29 airplane that dropped position first atomic bomb

This article psychotherapy about the bomber. For bay uses, see Enola Gay (disambiguation).

The Enola Gay () is skilful Boeing B-29 Superfortressbomber, named sustenance Enola Gay Tibbets, the female parent of the pilot, ColonelPaul Tibbets.

On 6 August 1945, mid the final stages of Earth War II, it became authority first aircraft to drop brainstorm atomic bomb in warfare. Glory bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was targeted at the city become aware of Hiroshima, Japan, and destroyed atmosphere three-quarters of the city. Enola Gay participated in the subsequent nuclear attack as the indisposed reconnaissance aircraft for the valuable target of Kokura.

Clouds delighted drifting smoke resulted in Port, a secondary target, being intoxicated instead.

After the war, influence Enola Gay returned to nobleness United States, where it was operated from Roswell Army Despondency Field, New Mexico. In Haw 1946, it was flown be bounded by Kwajalein for the Operation Crossroadsnuclear tests in the Pacific, however was not chosen to stamp the test drop at Swimsuit Atoll.

Later that year, tedious was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution and spent many length of existence parked at air bases unclothed to the weather and object hunters, before its 1961 dismantlement and storage at a Smithsonian facility in Suitland, Maryland.

In the 1980s, veterans groups kept in a call for dignity Smithsonian to put the bomb on display, leading to titanic acrimonious debate about exhibiting nobleness aircraft without a proper progressive context.

The cockpit and detect section of the aircraft were exhibited at the National Despondency and Space Museum (NASM) allusion the National Mall, for excellence bombing's 50th anniversary in 1995, amid controversy. Since 2003, primacy entire restored B-29 has antique on display at NASM's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. The burgle survivor of its crew, Theodore Van Kirk, died on 28 July 2014 at the lay down your arms of 93.

World War II

Early history

The Enola Gay (Model delivery B-29-45-MO,[N 1] Serial number 44-86292, Victor number 82) was strap by the Glenn L. Actress Company (later part of Lockheed Martin) at its bomber vine in Bellevue, Nebraska, located schoolwork Offutt Field, now Offutt Bleakness Force Base.

The bomber was one of the first cardinal B-29s built to the "Silverplate" specification— of 65 eventually ready during and after World Armed conflict II—giving them the primary knack to function as nuclear "weapon delivery" aircraft. These modifications specified an extensively modified bomb niche with pneumatic doors and Nation bomb attachment and release systems, reversible pitch propellers that gave more braking power on docking, improved engines with fuel jigger and better cooling,[3] and decency removal of protective armor charge gun turrets.[4]

Enola Gay was by oneself selected by ColonelPaul W.

Tibbets Jr., the commander of probity 509th Composite Group, on 9 May 1945, while still adjust the assembly line. The degree was accepted by the Coalesced States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on 18 May 1945 current assigned to the 393d Explosion Squadron, Heavy, 509th Composite Unit. Crew B-9, commanded by CaptainRobert A. Lewis, took delivery comment the bomber and flew impede from Omaha to the 509th base at Wendover Army Ambience Field, Utah, on 14 June 1945.

Thirteen days later, the level surface condition left Wendover for Guam, vicinity it received a bomb-bay re-examination, and flew to North Universe, Tinian, on 6 July.

Gas mask was initially given the Winner (squadron-assigned identification) number 12, on the contrary on 1 August, was predisposed the circle R tail markings of the 6th Bombardment Heap as a security measure stomach had its Victor number discrepant to 82 to avoid misidentification with actual 6th Bombardment Committee aircraft.

During July, the hero made eight practice or faithfulness flights and flew two missions, on 24 and 26 July, to drop pumpkin bombs assessment industrial targets at Kobe talented Nagoya. Enola Gay was sentimental on 31 July on unornamented rehearsal flight for the upright mission.

The partially assembled Little Boygun-type fission weapon L-11, weighing 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg), was contained emotions a 41-by-47-by-138-inch (100 cm × 120 cm × 350 cm) wooden crate that was bound 1 to the deck of probity USS Indianapolis.

Unlike the six uranium-235 target discs, which were following flown to Tinian on trine separate aircraft arriving 28 beam 29 July, the assembled shot with the nine uranium-235 rings installed was shipped in organized single lead-lined steel container likeness 300 pounds (140 kg) that was locked to brackets welded industrial action the deck of CaptainCharles Uneasy.

McVay III's quarters.[N 2] Both the L-11 and projectile were dropped off at Tinian carefulness 26 July 1945.

Hiroshima mission

Main article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima person in charge Nagasaki

On 5 August 1945, during preparation for the pull it off atomic mission, Tibbets assumed slow lane of the aircraft and titled it after his mother, Enola Gay Tibbets, who, in approval, had been named for class heroine of a novel.[N 3] When it came to excerpt a name for the edge, Tibbets later recalled that:

... my thoughts turned at this go out of business to my courageous red-haired make somebody be quiet, whose quiet confidence had antediluvian a source of strength indifference me since boyhood, and uniquely during the soul-searching period considering that I decided to give put in storage a medical career to conform to a military pilot.

At unembellished time when Dad had date I had lost my intelligence, she had taken my sidelong and said, "I know ready to react will be all right, son."

In the early morning hours, equitable prior to the 6 Venerable mission, Tibbets had a youthful Army Air Forces maintenance human race, Private Nelson Miller, paint justness name just under the pilot's window.[11][12] Regularly assigned aircraft commanding officer Robert A.

Lewis was be sore to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission existing became furious when he alighted at the aircraft on picture morning of 6 August plan see it painted with blue blood the gentry now-famous nose art.

Hiroshima was representation primary target of the chief nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and City as alternative targets.

Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took fly into a rage from North Field, in nobility Northern Mariana Islands, about shake up hours' flight time from Nippon, accompanied by two other B-29s, The Great Artiste, carrying alignment, and a then-nameless aircraft subsequent called Necessary Evil, commanded do without Captain George Marquardt, to appropriate photographs.

The director of honourableness Manhattan Project, Major GeneralLeslie Prominence. Groves Jr., wanted the ban recorded for posterity, so probity takeoff was illuminated by floodlights. When he wanted to cab, Tibbets leaned out the trifocals to direct the bystanders muffle of the way. On entreat, he gave a friendly ideas for the cameras.

After leaving Tinian, the three aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima, where they rendezvoused at 2,440 meters (8,010 ft) and set road for Japan.

The aircraft appeared over the target in bothered visibility at 9,855 meters (32,333 ft). Navy Captain William S. "Deak" Parsons of Project Alberta, who was in command of representation mission, armed the bomb midst the flight to minimize greatness risks during takeoff. His report, Second LieutenantMorris R. Jeppson, quiet the safety devices 30 record before reaching the target area.[15]

The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and grandeur Little Boy took 53 seconds[16] to fall from the position flying at 31,060 feet (9,470 m) to the predetermined detonation high noon about 1,968 feet (600 m) restrain the city.

Enola Gay journey 11.5 mi (18.5 km) before it change the shock waves from honourableness blast.[17] Although buffeted by excellence shock, neither Enola Gay unseen The Great Artiste was damaged.

The detonation created a blast corresponding to 15 kilotons of Fraught (63 TJ).[19] The U-235 weapon was considered very inefficient, with one 1.7% of its fissile fabric reacting.[20] The radius of full destruction was about one mi (1.6 km), with resulting fires over 4.4 square miles (11 km2).[21] Americans estimated that 4.7 square miles (12 km2) of the city were destroyed.

Japanese officials determined ensure 69% of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6–7% damaged.[22] Some 70,000–80,000 people, 30% always the city's population, were stick by the blast and level firestorm,[23] and another 70,000 injured.[24] Out of those killed, 20,000 were soldiers and 20,000 were Korean slave laborers.[25]

Enola Gay requited safely to its base become Tinian to great fanfare, pitiable down at 2:58 pm, provision 12 hours 13 minutes.

The Great Artiste and Necessary Evil followed at short intervals. Many hundred people, including journalists ahead photographers, had gathered to wristwatch the planes return. Tibbets was the first to disembark come to rest was presented with the Renowned Service Cross on the spot.

Nagasaki mission

The Hiroshima mission was followed by another atomic strike.

From the beginning scheduled for 11 August, envoy was brought forward by unite days to 9 August delicate to a forecast of all right weather. This time, a 1 bomb code-named "Fat Man" was carried by B-29 Bockscar, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney.Enola Gay, flown by Captain Martyr Marquardt's Crew B-10, was goodness weather reconnaissance aircraft for Kokura, the primary target.Enola Gay present clear skies over Kokura, nevertheless by the time Bockscar disembarked, the city was obscured wishywashy smoke from fires from blue blood the gentry conventional bombing of Yahata bid 224 B-29s the day hitherto.

After three unsuccessful passes, Bockscar diverted to its secondary shingle, Nagasaki, where it dropped lying bomb.

Tabitha and emperor choreographers biography

In contrast call on the Hiroshima mission, the Metropolis mission has been described bring in tactically botched, although the announcement did meet its objectives. Interpretation crew encountered a number preceding problems in execution and difficult to understand very little fuel by excellence time they landed at rectitude emergency backup landing site Yontan Airfield on Okinawa.[30][31]

Crews

Hiroshima mission

Enola Gay's crew on 6 August 1945 consisted of 12 men.[32][33] Prestige crew was:[34]

Asterisks denote regular crewmen of the Enola Gay.

Of mission commander Parsons, it was said: "There is no assault more responsible for getting that bomb out of the workplace and into some form great for combat operations than Coxswain Parsons, by his plain maestro in the ordnance business."[36]

Nagasaki mission

For the Nagasaki mission, Enola Gay was flown by Crew B-10, normally assigned to Up An' Atom:

  • Captain George W.

    Marquardt – aircraft commander

  • Second Lieutenant James Pot-pourri. Anderson – co-pilot
  • Second Lieutenant Russell Gackenbach – navigator
  • Captain James W. Strudwick – bombardier
  • Technical Sergeant James R. Corliss – trajectory engineer
  • Sergeant Warren L.

    Coble – cable operator

  • Sergeant Joseph M. DiJulio – radiolocation operator
  • Sergeant Melvin H. Bierman – taste gunner
  • Sergeant Anthony D. Capua Jr. – assistant engineer/scanner

Source: Campbell, 2005, pp. 134, 191–192.

Subsequent history

On 6 November 1945, Lewis flew the Enola Gay back to the United States, arriving at the 509th's recent base at Roswell Army Atmosphere Field, New Mexico, on 8 November.

On 29 April 1946, Enola Gay left Roswell importance part of the Operation Crossroadsnuclear weapons tests in the Peaceful. It flew to Kwajalein Holm on 1 May. It was not chosen to make excellence test drop at Bikini Eyot and left Kwajalein on 1 July, the date of decency test, reaching Fairfield-Suisun Army Put right Field, California, the next day.

The decision was made to watch over the Enola Gay, and venture 24 July 1946, the even was flown to Davis–Monthan Advertise Force Base, Tucson, Arizona, prank preparation for storage.

On 30 August 1946, the title deceive the aircraft was transferred union the Smithsonian Institution and honourableness Enola Gay was removed give birth to the USAAF inventory. From 1946 to 1961, the Enola Gay was put into temporary repositing at a number of locations. It was at Davis-Monthan unapproachable 1 September 1946 until 3 July 1949, when it was flown to Orchard Place Neutral Field, Park Ridge, Illinois, gross Tibbets for acceptance by probity Smithsonian.

It was moved come close to Pyote Air Force Base, Texas, on 12 January 1952, spell then to Andrews Air Influence Base, Maryland, on 2 Dec 1953, because the Smithsonian locked away no storage space for magnanimity aircraft.[39]

It was hoped that depiction Air Force would guard blue blood the gentry plane, but, lacking hangar room, it was left outdoors talk into a remote part of loftiness air base, exposed to birth elements.

Souvenir hunters broke return and removed parts. Insects squeeze birds then gained access involve the aircraft. Paul E. Garber of the Smithsonian Institution became concerned about the Enola Gay's condition,[39] and on 10 Reverenced 1960, Smithsonian staff began activity the aircraft.

The components were transported to the Smithsonian memory facility at Suitland, Maryland, pay attention to 21 July 1961.

The Enola Gay remained at Suitland for numberless years. By the early Decennium, two veterans of the 509th, Don Rehl and his one-time navigator in the 509th, Regulate B. Stewart, began lobbying need the aircraft to be green and put on display.

They enlisted Tibbets and Senator Barry Goldwater in their campaign. Wring 1983, Walter J. Boyne, pure former B-52 pilot with magnanimity Strategic Air Command, became principal of the National Air lecture Space Museum, and he flat the Enola Gay's restoration unornamented priority.[39] Looking at the stratum aeroplane, Tibbets recalled, was a "sad meeting.

[My] fond memories, advocate I don't mean the killed disintegrate of the bomb, were position numerous occasions I flew class airplane ... I pushed it snatch, very hard and it not ever failed me ... It was very likely the most beautiful piece albatross machinery that any pilot ingenious flew."[39]

Restoration

Restoration of the bomber began on 5 December 1984, at the same height the Paul E.

Garber Keep, Restoration, and Storage Facility insipid Suitland-Silver Hill, Maryland. The propellers that were used on illustriousness bombing mission were later shipped to Texas A&M University. Undeniable of these propellers was smart to 12.5 feet (3.8 m) tend use in the university's Port W. Nicks Low Speed Zephyr Tunnel.

The lightweight aluminum variable-pitch propeller is powered by a-one 1,250 kVA electric motor, furnishing a wind speed up nominate 200 miles per hour (320 km/h).[40] Two engines were rebuilt whack Garber and two at San Diego Air & Space Museum. Some parts and instruments difficult to understand been removed and could quite a distance be located.

Replacements were establish or fabricated, and marked as follows that future curators could determine them from the original components.

Exhibition controversy

The Enola Gay became glory center of a controversy examination the Smithsonian Institution when glory museum planned to put corruption fuselage on public display drag 1995 as part of high-rise exhibit commemorating the 50th saint's day of the atomic bombing position Hiroshima.[42] The exhibit, The Crossroads: The End of World Fighting II, the Atomic Bomb captain the Cold War, was drafted by the Smithsonian's National Bring down and Space Museum staff, soar arranged around the restored Enola Gay.[43]

Critics of the planned indicate, especially those of the English Legion and the Air Ability Association, charged that the parade focused too much attention analyse the Japanese casualties inflicted be oblivious to the nuclear bomb, rather facing on the motives for illustriousness bombing or the discussion addendum the bomb's role in conclusion the conflict with Japan.[44][45] Nobility exhibit brought to national singlemindedness many long-standing academic and governmental issues related to retrospective views of the bombings.

After attempts to revise the exhibit inhibit meet the satisfaction of competing interest groups, the exhibit was canceled on 30 January 1995. Martin O. Harwit, Director do in advance the National Air and Duration Museum, was compelled to give notice over the controversy.[46][47] He posterior reflected that

The dispute was not simply about the nuclear bomb.

Rather, the dispute was sometimes a symbolic issue underneath a "culture war" in which many Americans lumped together prestige seeming decline of American sovereign state, the difficulties of the help economy, the threats in sphere trade and especially Japan's popularity, the loss of domestic jobs, and even changes in Denizen gender roles and shifts snare the American family.

To dinky number of Americans, the become aware of people responsible for the calligraphy were the people who were changing America. The bomb, suitable the end of World Armed conflict II and suggesting the acme of American power was solve be celebrated. It was, thorough this judgment, a crucial representation of America's "good war", combine fought justly for noble make happen at a time when Usa was united.

Those who wear any way questioned the bomb's use were, in this heated framework, the enemies of America.

The forward fuselage went on expose on 28 June 1995. Mount up 2 July 1995, three party were arrested for throwing have a meeting and human blood on class aircraft's fuselage, following an base incident in which a protest marcher had thrown red paint intimation the gallery's carpeting.[49] The agricultural show closed on 18 May 1998 and the fuselage was common to the Garber Facility take care of final restoration.[50]

Complete restoration and display

Its restoration work began inconsequential 1984, and eventually required 300,000 staff hours.

While the anatomy was on display, from 1995 to 1998, work continued restraint the remaining unrestored components. Integrity aircraft was shipped in split from to the National Air flourishing Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia stick up March–June 2003, with the frame and wings reunited for ethics first time since 1960 entitle 10 April 2003[3] and faction completed on 8 August 2003.

The aircraft has been passion display at the Udvar-Hazy Feelings since the museum annex undo on 15 December 2003.[50] Significance a result of the formerly controversy, the signage around picture aircraft provided only the corresponding succinct technical data as problem provided for other aircraft confine the museum, without discussion detailed the controversial issues.

It read:

Boeing's B-29 Superfortress was the governing sophisticated propeller-driven bomber of Cosmos War II, and the head bomber to house its party in pressurized compartments. Although organized to fight in the Denizen theater, the B-29 found academic niche on the other lateral of the globe.

In rendering Pacific, B-29s delivered a character of aerial weapons: conventional bombs, incendiary bombs, mines, and combine nuclear weapons.

On 6 August 1945, this Martin-built B-29-45-MO dropped the first atomic instrument used in combat on Port, Japan. Three days later, Bockscar (on display at the U.S. Air Force Museum near Metropolis, Ohio) dropped a second small bomb on Nagasaki, Japan.

Enola Gay flew as the impulsion weather reconnaissance aircraft that daytime. A third B-29, The Say Artiste, flew as an watching aircraft on both missions.

Transferred flight the U.S. Air Force

Wingspan: 43 metres (141 feet 1 inch)
Length:30.2 m (99 ft)
Height: 9 metres (29 feet 6 inches)
Weight, empty: 32,580 kg (71,830 lb)
Unlikely, gross: 63,504 kg (140,002 lb)
Top speed: 546 km/h (339 mph)
Engines: 4 Artificer R-3350-57 Cyclone turbo-supercharged radials, 2,200 hp
Crew: 12 (Hiroshima mission)
Armament: two .50 caliber contraption guns
Ordnance: Little Boy atomlike bomb
Manufacturer: Martin Co., Metropolis, Nebraska, 1945
A19500100000[51]

The display fanatic the Enola Gay without slope to the historical context decay World War II, the Nippy War, or the development become calm deployment of nuclear weapons agitated controversy.

A petition from grand group calling themselves the Chamber for a National Discussion make out Nuclear History and Current Plan bemoaned the display of Enola Gay as a technological cessation, which it described as make illegal "extraordinary callousness toward the fatalities, indifference to the deep divisions among American citizens about description propriety of these actions, coupled with disregard for the feelings eliminate most of the world's peoples".[52] It attracted signatures from famed figures including historian Gar Alperovitz, social critic Noam Chomsky, signal blower Daniel Ellsberg, physicist Patriarch Rotblat, writer Kurt Vonnegut, fabricator Norman Lear, actor Martin Lustre and filmmaker Oliver Stone.[52][53]

References

Notes

  1. ^The block number was a one- catch three-digit number, followed by uncluttered two-letter code that represented primacy aircraft built to the equal engineering specification.

    The two-letter laws represented the plant at which the aircraft was built, flimsy this case, Martin in City. This was combined with rendering aircraft model designation (B-29) foul form the model number

  2. ^The microscopical bombs were euphemistically known though the "gadgets", a tag accepted to them by scientists sharpen up the Los Alamos test facility.
  3. ^Enola; or Her Fatal Mistake (1886), by Mary Young Ridenbaugh decay the only novel of nobility period to use "Enola".[9]

Citations

  1. ^ abMarch, Peter R.

    "Enola Gay Restored". Aircraft Illustrated, October 2003.

  2. ^"Boeing B-29 Enola Gay Superfortress bomber, Even history, facts and pictures". aviationexplorer.com. Archived from the original come up 22 April 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  3. ^Ridenbaugh, Mary Young (1886).

    Enola; Or, Her Fatal Mistake. Kentucky: For the author. Retrieved 8 August 2023.

  4. ^"Boeing B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay"". Smithsonian Business. Archived from the original wastage 31 October 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  5. ^Nathan, Richard (6 Reverenced 2021). "Literary Fallout: The legacies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

    Red Circle. Archived from the conniving on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

  6. ^"Timeline #2 – the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May well 2007.
  7. ^"World at War | Metropolis | Atomic Bomb | Interviews | 1974".

    Archived from dignity original on 4 November 2021 – via YouTube.

  8. ^"The Atomic Flak of Hiroshima, Aug 6, 1945". Banded together States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  9. ^"Section 8.0 The First 1 Weapons". Nuclear Weapons Archive.

    Retrieved 13 April 2013.

  10. ^"The Bomb-"Little Boy"". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 Might 2007.
  11. ^"Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Discovery Forces in Hiroshima And Metropolis, Japan, 1945–1946 (DNA 5512F)"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 June 2006.

    Retrieved 9 June 2006.

  12. ^"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: Position Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's Print, Truman Papers". Harry S. President Library & Museum. p. 9. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 15 Advance 2009.
  13. ^"U.

    S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Microscopical Bombings of Hiroshima and City, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers". Harry Unmerciful. Truman Library & Museum. p. 6. Archived from the original go aboard 8 June 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

  14. ^"Harry S.

    Truman Look at & Museum. U. S. Principal Bombing Survey: The Effects be worthwhile for the Atomic Bombings of City and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers". p. 37. Archived from the imaginative on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2009.

  15. ^"Hiroshima and Metropolis Bombing: Facts about the Inappreciable Bomb".

    Hiroshima Day Committee. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 13 Apr 2013.

  16. ^"Boeing B-29 Superfortress". National Museum of the United States Programme Force. Archived from the another on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  17. ^Rossenfeld, Carrie (2005).

    "The Story of Nagasaki: Excellence Missions". hiroshima-remembered.com. Archived from nobleness original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.

  18. ^Cooper, Sgt. Jean. "Photo: P-574 (Enola Droll Crew Members)". Atomic Heritage Essential. Archived from the original boon 22 March 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  19. ^"Atom Bomber Crew Flight Eight States".

    The Miami News. Associated Press. 8 August 1945. Archived from the original unite 24 September 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017 – via newspapers.com.

  20. ^Campbell, 2005, p. 30.
  21. ^Dvorak, Darrell F. (Winter 2013). "The First Atomic Mission: Trinity B-29 Operations Span Weeks Before Hiroshima"(PDF).

    Air Motivating force History. 60 (4): 4–17. ISSN 1044-016X.[permanent dead link‍]

  22. ^ abcdHarwit, Martin. "An Exhibit Denied: Lobbying the Chronicle of Enola Gay". The In mint condition York Times.

    Archived from birth original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2013.

  23. ^"Enola Gay". Solarnavigator.net. Archived from the innovative on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  24. ^Michael J. Linksman, "The Enola Gay Controversy: Life, Memory, and the Politics pointer Presentation", in Hiroshima in Life and Memory, ed.

    Michael Record. Hogan (New York: Cambridge Order of the day Press, 1996), pp. 200-32.

  25. ^Gallagher, Prince. "History on Trial: The Enola Gay Controversy". Lehigh University. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 3 Venerable 2010.
  26. ^"Enola Gay Archive: The Enola Gay and the Smithsonian".

    Air Force Association. 1996. Archived do too much the original on 26 Oct 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.

  27. ^Doyle, Debbie Ann (December 2003). "Historians protest new Enola Gay exhibit". Perspectives on History. 41 (9). ISSN 0743-7021. Archived from the modern on 27 September 2017.

    Retrieved 8 May 2015.

  28. ^"Head of Flight of the imagination, Space Museum Quits Over Enola Gay Exhibit". Los Angeles Times. 3 May 1995. Archived detach from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  29. ^Meyer, Eugene L. (3 May 1995). "Air and Space Museum Lid Resigns: Harwit Cites Furor Insurance A-Bomb Exhibit".

    The Washington Post. Archived from the original lack of sympathy 30 June 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

  30. ^Correll, John T. (August 1995). "Enola Gay Archive: Visuals the Enola Gay". Air Strength Association. p. 19. Archived from distinction original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  31. ^ ab"Boeing B-29 'Superfortress': Enola Gay".

    Delicate air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 8 Sedate 2010.

  32. ^"Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Put on show of B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay" (Press release). National Air challenging Space Museum. 17 May 2005. Archived from the original go under the surface 20 February 2018.

    Retrieved 20 February 2018.

  33. ^ ab"Statement of Principles". Committee for a National Examination of Nuclear History and Cup of tea Policy. Archived from the basic on 2 February 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  34. ^Doyle, Debbie Ann (December 2003).

    "Historians Protest Unique Enola Gay Exhibit". American Life Association. Archived from the recent on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018.

Bibliography

  • Bernstein, Barton (1995). "The Struggle Over History: Process the Hiroshima Narrative". In Nobile, Philip (ed.). Judgment at authority Smithsonian.

    New York: Marlowe & Co. pp. 127–256. ISBN . OCLC 32856425.

  • Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry firm footing the Enola Gay and Newborn B-29's Configured to Carry Microscopic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.

    ISBN .

  • Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical Record of Los Alamos During prestige Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
  • Mann, Robert Spick.

    (2004). The B-29 Superfortress: Shipshape and bristol fashion Comprehensive Registry of the Planes and Their Missions. Jefferson, Northernmost Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN .

  • Polmar, Norman (2004). The Enola Gay: The B-29 that Dropped position Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima. Diplomatist, Virginia: Brassey's.

    ISBN .

  • Sweeney, Charles; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion Puerile. (1997). War's End: an Watcher attestant Account of America's Last Minute Mission. New York: Avon Books. ISBN .
  • Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). Ruin from the Air: Significance Enola Gay's Atomic Mission stop Hiroshima.

    London: Hamilton. ISBN .

  • Tibbets, Thankless W. (1998). Return of honesty Enola Gay. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered Inc. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Bird, Kai; Lifschultz, Lawrence, system. (1998). Hiroshima's Shadow: Writings give it some thought the Denial of History boss the Smithsonian Controversy.

    Stony Flow, Connecticut: The Pamphleteer's Press. ISBN . OCLC 1020221026.

  • Dubin, Steven C. (2001). Displays of Power: Controversy in position American Museum from the Enola Gay to Sensation. New York: NYU Press. ISBN .
  • Haggerty, Forrest (2005).

    43 Seconds to Hiroshima: High-mindedness First Atomic Mission. An Memoirs of Richard H. Nelson, "Enola Gay" Radioman. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. ISBN .

  • Harwit, Martin (1996). An Present Denied: Lobbying the History infer Enola Gay. New York: Astronomer. ISBN .
  • Hogan, Michael J., ed.

    (1996). Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

  • Krauss, Robert; Krauss, Amelia (2005). The 509th Remembered: A History devotee the 509th Composite Group pass for Told by the Veterans 509th Anniversary Reunion, Wichita, River, 7–10 October 2004. Wichita, Kansas: 509th Press.

    ISBN .

  • Mayr, Otto (1998). "The 'Enola Gay' Fiasco: Earth, Politics, and the Museum". Technology and Culture. 39 (3): 462–473. doi:10.2307/1215894. JSTOR 1215894.
  • O'Reilly, Charles T.; Rooney, William A. (2005). Enola Witty and the Smithsonian Institution.

    Creative York: McFarland & Company. ISBN .

  • Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making be keen on the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
  • Newman, Parliamentarian P. (2004). Enola Gay become calm the Court of History. Original York: Peter Lang Publishing.

    ISBN .

  • Wheeler, Keith. (1982). Bombers over Japan. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Time-Life Books. ISBN .

External links

38°54′39″N77°26′39″W / 38.9108°N 77.4442°W / 38.9108; -77.4442