Henry cabot lodge sr biography of christopher

American statesman (–)

This piece is about the U.S. public servant Henry Cabot Lodge (–). Oblige his grandson (–), see Chemist Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Cartographer Lodge
Lodge in
In office March 4, &#;– November 9,
Preceded by	Henry L. Dawes
Succeeded by	William Grouping. Butler
In office May 19, &#;– November 9,
Preceded by	Gilbert Hitchcock
Succeeded by	William Borah
In office May 19, &#;– November 9,
Deputy	Charles Curtis
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office August 17, &#;– November 9,
Preceded by	Jacob Harold Gallinger
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
In office May 25, &#;– May 30,
Preceded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
Succeeded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	Henry B. Lovering
Succeeded by	William Cogswell
In office January 31, &#;–
Preceded by	Charles A. Stott
Succeeded by	Edward Avery
In office January 7, &#;– January 3,
Preceded by	Daniel R. Pinkham[1] William Lyon[1]
Succeeded by	John Marlor[2]
Born	()May 12, Beverly, Colony, U.S.
Died	November 9, () (aged&#;74) Cambridge, Colony, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Anna Cabot Mills Davis &#; &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children	3, including George
Relatives
Education	Harvard University (AB, LLB, AM, PhD)
Signature

Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, &#;&#; November 9, ) was an American politician, recorder, lawyer, and statesman from Colony.

A member of the Pol Party, he served in integrity United States Senate from relate to and is best known expend his positions on foreign line. His successful crusade against Woodrow Wilson's Treaty of Versailles indubitable that the United States on no account joined the League of Offerings and his penned conditions averse that treaty, known collectively despite the fact that the Lodge reservations, influenced greatness structure of the modern Pooled Nations.^[3][4]

Lodge received four degrees evade Harvard University and was put in order widely published historian.

His stow friendship with Theodore Roosevelt began as early as and lasted their entire lifetimes, even persisting Roosevelt's bolt from the Popular Party in

As a salesman, Lodge sponsored the unsuccessful Cabin Bill of , which sought after to protect the voting seek of African Americans and establish a national secret ballot. Despite the fact that a senator, Lodge took uncut more active role in imported policy, supporting the Spanish–American Fighting, expansion of American territory outside, and American entry into Faux War I.

He also trim immigration restrictions, becoming a shareholder of the Immigration Restriction Federation and influencing the Immigration Warn of

After World War Raving, Lodge became Chairman of rectitude Senate Committee on Foreign Associations and the leader of glory Senate Republicans. From that sight, he led the opposition tip off Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing 14 reservations to the treaty.^[3] His strongest objection was grasp the requirement that all altruism repel aggression, fearing that that would erode congressional powers arm erode American sovereignty; those demur had a major role essential producing the veto power vacation the United Nations Security Consistory.

Lodge remained in the Diet until his death in

Early life and education

Lodge was citizen in Beverly, Massachusetts. His clergyman was John Ellerton Lodge noise the Lodge family. His dam was Anna Cabot, a participator of the Cabot family,^[5] give the brushoff whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot.

Lodge was a Boston Brahmin. He grew up on Boston's Beacon Bing and spent part of cap childhood in Nahant, Massachusetts, disc he witnessed the kidnapping second a classmate and gave affidavit leading to the arrest focus on conviction of the kidnappers.^[6] During the time that the Civil War broke be the source of in , Lodge's father craved to ride into battle indulgence the head of a mounted troops regiment he had personally smash into together, but his father incomprehensible the chance, possibly due appoint a bad knee from uncomplicated riding injury, and in Sept , Lodge's father suddenly died.^[7] He was cousin to justness American polymathCharles Peirce.

In , he graduated from Harvard Institution, where he was a participant of Delta Kappa Epsilon, rendering Porcellian Club, and the Brisk Pudding Club. In , sand graduated from Harvard Law Nursery school, and was admitted to picture bar in , practicing custom the Boston firm now famous as Ropes & Gray.^[8]

Historian

After travelling through Europe, Lodge returned lecture to Harvard, and, in , became one of the earliest recipients of a PhD in legend from an American university.^[9][10] Lodge's dissertation, "The Anglo-Saxon Land Law", was published in a assembling "Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law", abut his PhD classmates: James Laurence Laughlin on "The Anglo-Saxon Permitted Procedure" and Ernest Young go under "The Anglo-Saxon Family Law".

Completion three were supervised by Rhetorician Adams, who contributed "The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law".^[10][11] Lodge serviced a lifelong friendship with Adams.^[12]

As a popular historian of high-mindedness United States, Lodge focused boxing match the early Federalist Era.

Significant published biographies of George General and the prominent Federalists Herb Hamilton, Daniel Webster, and government great-grandfather George Cabot, as adequately as A Short History ad infinitum the English Colonies in America. In , he published The Story of the Revolution household serial form in Scribner's Arsenal.

Lodge was elected a Lookalike of the American Academy personal Arts and Sciences in ^[13] In , he was chosen a member of the Earth Antiquarian Society.^[14] He was as well a member of the Colony Historical Society, and served orang-utan its president from to ^[15] As such, Lodge penned shipshape and bristol fashion preface to The Education firm Henry Adams (which had antediluvian written by Adams in pivotal printed in a private insubordination for family and friends) conj at the time that this classic autobiography was posthumously published by the Massachusetts Authentic Society in September

Political career

In –, Lodge served in primacy Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Cottage represented his home state shamble the United States House admit Representatives from to and addition the Senate from to ^[16]

Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge was sympathetic accomplish the concerns of the Politician faction of the Republican Assemble. Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported Apostle Blaine and protectionism in birth election.

Blaine lost narrowly.^[17]

Lodge was first elected to the Tight Senate in and easily reelected time and again but enthrone greatest challenge came in potentate reelection bid in January Distinction Democrats had made significant winnings in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the continuing and conservative wings, with Shelter trying to mollify both sides.

In a major speech once the legislature voted, Lodge took pride in his long self-denying service to the state. Inaccuracy emphasized that he had not in the least engaged in corruption or self-dealing. He rarely campaigned on authority own behalf but now proscribed made his case, explaining consummate important roles in civil boldness reform, maintaining the gold touchstone, expanding the Navy, developing policies for the Philippine Islands, reprove trying to restrict immigration soak illiterate Europeans, as well in the same way his support for some continuing reforms.

Most of all crystal-clear appealed to party loyalty. Chalet was reelected by five votes.^[18]

Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers. However, Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelt's attacks on the judiciary impede , and his call in behalf of the initiative, referendum, and commemoration.

Lodge stood silent when Writer broke with the party viewpoint ran as a third-party runner in Lodge voted for Sculptor instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won the election righteousness Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.^[19]

Civil rights

In , Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill, along with Senator Martyr Frisbie Hoar, that guaranteed confederate protection for African American ballot rights.

Although the proposed law was supported by President Patriarch Harrison, the bill was unnavigable by filibustering Democrats in position Senate.^[20]

In , he became fine member of the Massachusetts Population of the Sons of decency American Revolution. He was appointed national membership number 4,

That same year, following the hanging of eleven Italian Americans distort New Orleans, Lodge published iron out article blaming the victims coupled with proposing new restrictions on European immigration.^[21][22]

Lodge’s support for voting respectable did not extend to cohort.

He was a leading disputant of women’s suffrage.^[23] Lodge exact not change his position regular after the junior senator stick up Massachusetts, John Weeks, lost empress seat in due to authority opposition to equal suffrage.^[24]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was a strong backer find U.S.

intervention in Cuba inspect , arguing that it was the moral responsibility of character United States to do so:

Of the sympathies of dignity American people, generous, liberty-loving, Irrational have no question. They funds with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom. I query our people would welcome teeming action on the part go together with the United States to deposit an end to the forlorn state of things existing near.

We can stop it. Miracle can stop it peacefully. Astonishment can stop it, in empty judgment, by pursuing proper discretion and offering our good thing. Let it once be traditional that we mean to take a breather the horrible state of elements in Cuba and it prerogative be stopped. The great nation-state of the United States, provided it is once invoked boss uplifted, is capable of bigger things than that.

Following American make sorry in the Spanish–American War, Cabin came to represent the imperialistic faction of the Senate, those who called for the abduction of the Philippines.

Lodge unfair that the United States necessary to have a strong warships and be more involved misrepresent foreign affairs. However, Lodge was never on good terms touch John Hay, who served monkey Secretary of State under Denali and Roosevelt, – They abstruse a bitter fight over probity principle of commercial reciprocity upset Newfoundland.^[25]

In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge wrote, "Porto Law is not forgotten and miracle mean to have it".^[26]

Immigration

Lodge was a vocal proponent of migration restrictions, for a number sunup reasons.

In the late Ordinal and early 20th centuries, crucial numbers of immigrants, primarily shake off Eastern and Southern Europe, were migrating to industrial centers eliminate the United States. Lodge argued that unskilled foreign labor was undermining the standard of soul for American workers, and turn a mass influx of unskilled immigrants would result in public conflict and national decline.

Play a part a May article on Romance immigration, Lodge expressed his incident that immigration by "the races who have peopled the Allied States" was declining, while "the immigration of people removed implant us in race and blood" was on the rise.^[27] Fiasco considered northern Italians superior meadow for immigration to southern Italians, not only because they tended to be better educated, challenging a higher standard of keep, and had a "higher potential for skilled work",^[28] but on account of they were more "Teutonic" pat their southern counterparts, whose inmigration he sought to restrict.^[28][29]

Lodge was a supporter of "% Americanism", a common theme in picture nativist movement of the epoch.

In an address to say publicly New England Society of Borough in , Lodge stated:

Let every man honor and attraction the land of his family and the race from which he springs and keep their memory green. It is wonderful pious and honorable duty. However let us have done thug British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans, and so on, and mesmerize be Americans If a checker is going to be veto American at all let him be so without any justifying adjectives; and if he even-handed going to be something let him drop the brief conversation American from his personal description.^[30]

He did not believe, however, stray all races were equally boneless or worthy of being assimilated.

In The Great Peril precision Unrestricted Immigration, he wrote delay "you can take a Hindoo and give him the chief education the world can bear the expense but you cannot make him an Englishman" and cautioned anti the mixing of "higher" arm "lower" races:

On the true qualities of the English-speaking zip, therefore, rest our history, judgment victories, and all our tomorrow.

There is only one explode in which you can muffle those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is contempt breeding them out. If smashing lower race mixes with clean higher in sufficient numbers, scenery teaches us that the negligent race will prevail.^[31]

As the initiate voice of the Immigration Condition League, Lodge argued in aid of literacy tests for ingoing immigrants.

The tests would snigger designed to exclude members work those races he deemed "most alien to the body near the American people".^[32] He small that the United States obligated to temporarily shut out all spanking entries, particularly persons of unveil education or skill, to go into detail efficiently assimilate the millions who had already come.

From design , he served on high-mindedness Dillingham Commission, a joint governmental committee established to study rectitude era's immigration patterns and do recommendations to Congress based stand-up fight its findings. The Commission's recommendations led to the Immigration Obvious of

World War I

Lodge was a staunch advocate of inpouring World War I on say publicly side of the Allied Reason, attacking President Woodrow Wilson fulfill poor military preparedness and accusative pacifists of undermining American patriotism.^{[citation needed]} On April 2, , the day that President Writer urged Congress to declare fighting, Lodge and Alexander Bannwart, nifty pacifist constituent who wanted Hang around to vote against the enmity, got into a fistfight enfold the U.S.

Capitol. Bannwart was arrested^[33] but Lodge opted categorize to press charges. Bannwart late sued Lodge to have rank record corrected; initial news measure suggested that Bannwart hit Chalet first, but Lodge acknowledged curb settling the lawsuit that purify had hit Bannwart first. That is the only known condition of a U.S.

Senator belligerent a constituent.^[34]

After the United States entered the war, Lodge enlarged to attack Wilson as frightfully idealistic, assailing Wilson's Fourteen In turn as unrealistic and weak. Elegance contended that Germany needed result be militarily and economically ashamed and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could under no circumstances again be a threat give somebody the job of the stability of Europe.

Despite that, apart from policy differences, flush before the end of Wilson's first term and well at one time America's entry into the Unreserved War, Lodge confided to Shift Roosevelt, "I never expected allude to hate anyone in politics catch the hatred I feel promoting Wilson."^[35] In January , Cottage led the deliberate obstruction stop the confirmation of 10, statesmanly Wilson appointments to the Contention and Navy Departments in prestige US Senate on the settlings that confirmation of these professed cabinet "favorite" appointments would puzzle the Harding Administration.^[36]

He served tempt chairman of the Senate Transalpine Relations Committee (–).

He further served as chairman of blue blood the gentry Senate Republican Conference from come to His leadership of the Talking shop parliamen Republicans has led some philosopher retrospectively call him the stair facto Senate Majority Leader.^[37] Alongside his term in office, crystal-clear and another powerful senator, Albert J.

Beveridge, pushed for illustriousness construction of a new warships.

League of Nations

Main article: Cabin Reservations

In , as the undocumented Senate majority leader, Lodge dealt with the debate over honourableness Treaty of Versailles and righteousness Senate's ultimate rejection of character treaty. Lodge wanted to connect the League of Nations, on the contrary with amendments that would defend American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed in the patriotism of American general public by objecting to what significant saw as the weakening cosy up national sovereignty: "I have treasured but one flag and Uncontrollable can not share that fire and give affection to nobleness mongrel banner invented for trim league." Lodge was reluctant assume involve the United States name world affairs in anything well-mannered than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is the world's best hope, but if tell what to do fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other goodwill, if you tangle her reside in the intrigues of Europe, order around will destroy her power teach good, and endanger her bargain existence.

Leave her to go freely through the centuries cut into come, as in the geezerhood that have gone. Strong, loving, and confident, she has detestably served mankind. Beware how order about trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of tidy liberty. For if we stagger and fall, freedom and social order everywhere will go down employ ruin.^[38]

Lodge was also motivated bid political concerns; he strongly dislikable Wilson personally^[39] and was zealous to find an issue lay out the Republican Party to canter on in the presidential poll of

Lodge's key objection attack the League of Nations was Article X, which required boast signatory nations to repel attack of any kind if methodical to do so by picture League.

Lodge rejected an unsettle commitment that might subordinate character national security interests of loftiness United States to the pressing of the League. He fantastically insisted that Congress must authorize interventions individually; the Senate could not, through treaty, unilaterally adapt to enter hypothetical conflicts. Discredit Lodge hypocrital whining Article Scrutiny did not infringe on excellence right of the United States to make war; Article Halt "required [but did not force] members to assist any succeeding additional member nation in the uphold of an invasion or attack In fact the intent look up to Article X was to hang on a Balance of power (international relations) by preventing one allot from attacking another (i.e.

Frg attacking Belgium and France lecture in ).

The Senate was separate into a "crazy-quilt" of positions on the Versailles question.^[40] Work on block of Democrats strongly slender the Treaty. A second purpose of Democrats, in line extra President Wilson, supported the Deal and opposed any amendments bring down reservations.^[3] The largest bloc, dripping by Lodge, comprised a preponderance of the Republicans.

They slim a Treaty with reservations, selfsame on Article X.^[41] Finally, dialect trig bi-partisan group of 13 patriotic "irreconcilables" opposed a treaty lay hands on any form.

It proved potential to build a majority unification, but impossible to build natty two thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty.^[42] The closest the Treaty came to passage was in mid-November , when Lodge and Republicans formed a coalition accomplice the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds crowd together for a Treaty with vacillate, but Wilson rejected this compromise.^[3]

Cooper and Bailey suggest that Wilson's stroke on September 25, , had so altered his persona that he was unable say yes effectively negotiate with Lodge.

Histrion says the psychological effects position a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, and reward judgment was warped. Worse, dominion denial of illness and collaborate b keep waiting was starting to border basis delusion."^[43]

The Treaty of Versailles went into effect, but the Leagued States did not sign resourcefulness and made separate peace ready to go Germany and Austria-Hungary.

The Affiliated States never joined the Coalition of Nations.^[3] Historians agree ensure the League was ineffective bundle dealing with major issues, nevertheless they debate whether American members belonging would have made much difference.^[44]

Lodge won out in the well along run; his reservations were unified into the United Nations contract in , with Article Substantiation of the League of Benevolence charter absent and the U.S., as a permanent member constantly the United Nations Security Synod, given an absolute veto.^[4]Henry Navigator Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S.

Ambassador to magnanimity United Nations from to

Obstruction of Wilson's appointments

In January , Lodge led the deliberate hindrance of the confirmation of 10, of President Wilson's appointments work stoppage the War and Navy Departments in the U.S. Senate walk up to the grounds that confirmation obey these so-called cabinet "favorite" fittings would embarrass the Harding Administration.^[45]

Washington Naval Conference

In , President Tunnel G.

Harding appointed Lodge since a delegate to the President Naval Conference (International Conference hatred the Limitation of Armaments), bungled by Secretary of State Physicist Evans Hughes, and included Elihu Root and Oscar Underwood. That was the first disarmament word in history and had unblended goal of world peace staff arms reduction.

Attended by niner nations, the United States, Nihon, China, France, Great Britain, Italia, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal, the conference resulted in major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known chimp the Washington Naval Treaty), direct the Nine-Power Treaty, as spasm as a number of minor agreements.^[46]

Lodge–Fish Resolution

In June , significant introduced the Lodge–Fish Resolution, approval illustrate American support for righteousness British policy in Palestine go rotten the Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

Historian Martyr E. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Lodge was one hegemony the best informed statesmen remind you of his time, he was come to an end excellent parliamentarian, and he exhausted to bear on foreign questions a mind that was wrongness once razor sharp and free from of much of the pure cant that was so conventional of the age.

[Yet] Huntinglodge never made the contributions closure should have made, largely for of Lodge the person. Inaccuracy was opportunistic, selfish, jealous, overbearing, supercilious, and could never stem 2 calling his opponent's spade ingenious dirty shovel. Small wonder cruise except for Roosevelt and Cause, most of his colleagues clean and tidy both parties disliked him, stake many distrusted him.^[47]

Lodge served cyst the Board of Regents curiosity the Smithsonian Institution for assorted years.

His first appointment was in , as a Participant of the House of Representatives, and he served until reward election as a senator hit He was reappointed to righteousness Board in and served in the offing he died in The concerning Regents considered Lodge to assign a "distinguished colleague, whose wide-awake, constructive interest in the concern of the Institution led him to place his broad knowing and large experience at well-fitting service at all times."^[48]

Mount Chalet, also named Boundary Peak , located on the Canada–United States border in the Saint Elias Mountains was named in funds him in recognition of diadem service as U.S.

Boundary Legate in ^[49]

Lodge was depicted impervious to Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Darryl Zanuck's film Wilson, a annals of President Wilson.

Personal life

In , he married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Davis, daughter see Admiral Charles Henry Davis. They had three children:^[51]

On November 5, , Lodge suffered a repressive stroke while recovering in distinction hospital from surgery for gallstones.^[54] He died four days afterwards at the age of ^[55] He was interred in rendering Mount Auburn Cemetery in University, Massachusetts.^[56]

Publications

Books written by Lodge

• Life and Letters of George Cabot.

  Little, Brown.

• Ballads and Text altercation, Selected and Arranged by Chemist Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin ( reissue contains a Preface saturate Lodge)
• A Short History blond the English Colonies in America. Harper & Bros.
• Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• Daniel Webster.

  Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).

• Alexander Hamilton. Town Mifflin (American Statesmen Series).
• George Washington. (2 volumes). Houghton Mifflin (American Statesmen series).
• Boston. Longmans, Green, and Co. (Historic Towns series).
• Speeches. Houghton Mifflin.
• Hero Tales from American History.

  Continue living Theodore Roosevelt. Century.

• The Parcel of the Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Fighting With Spain. Harper & Brothers.
• A Fighting Frigate, and Following Essays and Addresses. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• A Frontier Town ride Other Essays.

  Charles Scribner's Sons.

• Speeches and Addresses: –. Publisher Mifflin.
• Early Memories. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Democracy of prestige Constitution, and Other Addresses streak Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• War Addresses, . Houghton Mifflin.
• Address of Senator Henry Cabot Gatehouse of Massachusetts in Honor wear out Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-President of dignity United States, before the Sitting of the United States Paraphernalia, February 9, .

  Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

• Theodore Roosevelt, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• The Ruling body of the United States swallow Other Essays and Addresses, Consecutive and Literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• The Senate and the Coalition of Nations. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Selections from the Correspondence discover Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Explorer Lodge, – (2 vol.).

  Run into Theodore Roosevelt.

Book chapters written disrespect Lodge

Book series edited by Lodge

Articles

See also

Explanatory notes

References